The prehistory of Egypt spans the period from the earliest human settlement to the beginning of. 4 Timeline; 5 Relative chronology; 6 See also; 7 Notes; 8 References; 9 External links. This pottery is vital to the dating of Predynastic Egypt.
. 343 BC(last native pharaoh). 30 BC(last Greek pharaohs). 314 AD(last Roman Emperor to be called Pharaoh)ResidenceAppointerThe title ' is used for those rulers of who ruled after the unification of and by during the, approximately 3100 BC. However, the specific title 'Pharaoh' was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the rule of in the, c. Along with the title Pharaoh for later rulers, there was an used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history, initially featuring a, a ( nswt-bjtj) name and a Two Ladies ( nbtj) name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties.Egypt was continually governed, at least in part, by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years, until it was conquered by the in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves.
Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt experienced another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the, whose rulers also adopted the title of 'Pharaoh'. The last native pharaoh of Egypt was, who was pharaoh before the Achaemenids conquered Egypt for a second time.Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the of in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by the Pharaohs of the. Their rule, and the independence of Egypt, came to an end when Egypt became a province of in 30 BC. And subsequent were when in Egypt until the reign of in 314 AD.The dates given in this list of pharaohs are approximate. They are based primarily on the, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities database developed by the, but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately. Contents.Ancient Egyptian king lists Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records, including Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, such as 's Aegyptiaca, as well as archaeological evidence. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and historians alike call for caution in regard to the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of which were written long after the reigns they report.
An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged, inconsistent with one another and/or selective.The following ancient king lists are known (along with the dynasty under which they were created)):. (1st Dynasty); found on a cylinder seal in 's tomb. It lists all 1st Dynasty kings from to Den by their.
(5th Dynasty); carved on an slab. Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete. (6th Dynasty); painted with red, green and black on and cedar wood. Very selective. (6th Dynasty); carved on a black basalt slab.
Very selective. (18th Dynasty); carved on.
Very selective. of Seti I (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting the. Abydos King List of Ramesses II (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone.
Very selective. (19th Dynasty), carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting most kings of the 1st Dynasty for unknown reasons.
(19th Dynasty); written with red and black ink on. Likely the most complete king-list in history, today damaged. 's (Greek Period); possibly written on papyrus. The original writings are lost today and many anecdotes assigned to certain kings seem fictitious.Predynastic period. Main article:geographically consisted of the northern and the. The following list may be incomplete:NameImageCommentsReignOnly known from two clay jugs from TuraAround 3250 BCOnly known from clay and stone vessels found in tombs near Tarchan, Tura, Tarjan, and NagadaAround 3250–3200 BC/ SekaOnly known from theUnknownOnly known from theUnknown/ TeyewOnly known from theUnknown/ TjeshOnly known from theUnknownOnly known from theUnknownOnly known from theRuled around or earlier than 3180 BC; —Around 3180 BCOnly known from theUnknown(destroyed)Only known from theUnknownMay also have ruled in.
Main article:The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete. Since these kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as 'Dynasty 0'.NameImageCommentsDatesCorrect chronological position unclear.Around 3170 BCPotentially read Shendjw; identity and existence are disputed.Around 3170 BCMaybe read Sekhen rather than Ka. Correct chronological position unclear.Around 3170 BCPotentially read Serqet; possibly the same person as.Around 3170 BCEarly Dynastic Period. Main article:The ruled from 2498 to 2345 BC.NameImageCommentsDatesBuried in a. Built the first solar temple at.2498–2491 BCMoved the royal necropolis to, where he built.2490–2477 BCSon of Sahure, born with the name Ranefer2477–2467 BCSon of Neferirkare2460–2458 BCReigned most likely after Neferefre and for only a few months, possibly a son of Sahure.A few monthsBrother to Neferefre, built extensively in the.2445–2422 BCLast pharaoh to build a2422–2414 BCEffected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian administration. Enjoyed the longest reign of his dynasty, with likely more than 35 years on the throne.2414–2375 BCThe is inscribed with the earliest instance of the2375–2345 BCSixth Dynasty.
Main article:The ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.NameImageCommentsDatesAccording to Manetho, he was murdered.2345–2333 BCReigned 1 to 5 years, may have usurped the throne at the expense of2333–2332 BC—2332–2283 BC—2283–2278 BCPossibly the longest reigning monarch of human history with 94 years on the throne. Alternatively, may have reigned 'only' 64 years.2278–2184 BC—Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly his son or co-ruler.2200–2199 BCShort lived pharaoh, possibly an aged son of Pepi II.1 year and 1 month c. 2184 BCIdentical with Netjerkare. This male king gave rise to the legendary queen of. Sometimes classified as the first king of the combined 7th/8th Dynasties.Short reign: c. 2184–2181 BCFirst Intermediate Period. Main article:The (2181–2060 BC) is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the and the advent of the.The rapidly collapsed after the death of.
He had reigned for more than 64 and likely up to 94 years, longer than any monarch in history. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age. The union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting.The kings of the 7th and 8th Dynasties, who represented the successors of the 6th Dynasty, tried to hold onto some power in Memphis but owed much of it to powerful nomarchs. After 20 to 45 years, they were overthrown by a new line of pharaohs based in.
Some time after these events, a rival line based at revolted against their nominal Northern overlords and united. Around 2055 BC, the son and successor of pharaoh defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands, thereby starting the Middle Kingdom.Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (combined). Main article:The was a local group with roots in that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC. Main article:The (2060–1802 BC) is the period from the end of the to the beginning of the.
In addition to the, some scholars include the, and in the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time.Eleventh Dynasty continued The second part of the is considered to be part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.NameImageCommentsDatesGained all c. 2015 BC, Middle Kingdom begins, becomes first pharaoh of Middle Kingdom.2060–2010 BCCommanded the first expedition to of the Middle Kingdom2010–1998 BCObscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown.
May have been overthrown by his vizier and successor.1997–1991 BCEnigmatic kings, only attested in NameImageCommentsDatesObscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. Only attested in, most likely an usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.Early 20th century BCObscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. Only attested in, most likely an usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.Early 20th century BCObscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown.
Only attested in, most likely an usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.Early 20th century BCTwelfth Dynasty. Main article:The ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC.NameImageCommentsDatesPossibly overthrew.
Assassinated by his own guards.1991–1962 BC(Sesostris I)Built the1971–1926 BCRuled for at least 35 years.1929–1895 BC(Sesostris II)—1897–1878 BC(Sesostris III)Most powerful of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs.1878–1860 BC—1860–1815 BCHad a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at.1815–1807 BCThe first and rare female ruler.1807–1802 BCThe position of a possible additional ruler, is uncertain. He may be an ephemeral king, or a name variant of a king of the 12th or 13th Dynasty.Second Intermediate Period. Main article:The (1802–1550 BC) is a period of disarray between the end of the, and the start of the. It is best known as when the, whose reign comprised the, made their appearance in Egypt.The was much weaker than the, and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt. Either at the start of the dynasty, c. 1805 BC or toward the middle of it in c. 1710 BC, the provincial ruling family in, located in the marshes of the eastern Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite.The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of, and around 1720 BC took control of the town of (the modern /Khata'na), conquering the kingdom of the 14th dynasty.
Sometime around 1650 BC the Hyksos, perhaps led by the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, conquered, thereby terminating the 13th dynasty. The power vacuum in Upper Egypt resulting from the collapse of the 13th dynasty allowed the 16th dynasty to declare its independence in, only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter.Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia under Seqenenre Tao, Kamose and finally Ahmose, first pharaoh of the New Kingdom.Thirteenth Dynasty. Main article:The (following the ) ruled from 1802 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 years according to Manetho. This table should be contrasted with.NameImageCommentsDatesIFounded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is well attested. Referred to as Sobekhotep I in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep II in older studies1802–1800 BCPerhaps a brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep and son of1800–1796 BCAttested on a Nile record from.1796 BCAmenemhat VRuled for 3 to 4 years1796–1793 BCBuried in in south1795–1792 BCQemau SiharnedjheritefAlso called Sehotepibre1792–1790 BC—Only attested on theVery short reign, possibly c.
1790 – 1788 BCAttested on the.1788–1785 BCAttested on the1785–1783 BC or 1739 BCSewesekhtawyAttested on the1783–1781 BC—Known only from the1781 BCE—Known only from the7 months, 1780 BC or 1736 BCReferred to as Sobekhotep II in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep I in older studiesReigned c. 3 years, 1780–1777 BC—4 months1777 BCFamous for his intact tomb treasure andReigned 1 year and 6 months, 1777–1775 BCPossibly a son of Hor AwibreEstimated reign 3 years, 1775–1772 BCPossibly a son of Hor Awibre and brother of Khabaw, previously identified withEstimated reign 2 years, 1772–1770 BCPossibly two kings, Seb and his son Kay.A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents.5 to 7 years or 3 years, 1769–1766 BCFounder of the dynasty in old studiesAround 1767 BCPossibly the first pharaoh, built aMinimum 4 years and 3 months c.
Main article:The was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at, that ruled from either from 1805 BC or c. 1710 BC until around 1650 BC. The dynasty comprised many rulers with West Semitic names and is thus believed to have been Canaanite in origin. It is here given as per Ryholt, however this reconstruction of the dynasty is heavily debated with the position of the five kings preceding Nehesy highly disputed.NameImageCommentsDatesChronological position uncertain, here given as per Ryholt1805–1780 BCChronological position uncertain, here given as per Ryholt1780–1770 BCChronological position uncertain, here given as per Ryholt1770–1760 BCChronological position uncertain, here given as per Ryholt1760–1745 BCChronological position, duration of reign and extend of rule uncertain, here given as per Ryholt. Main article:The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent from c. 1650 BC until 1600 BC.
Four attested kings may be tentatively attributed to the Abydos Dynasty, and they are given here without regard for their (unknown) chronological order:NameImageCommentsDatesMay belong to the lateUncertainMay belong to the late 16th DynastyUncertainMay belong to the late.UncertainTomb discovered in 2014. Perhaps identifiable with a Woser.re of the.Around 1650 BCSixteenth Dynasty. Main article:The was a native dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based 13th dynasty c.
1650 BC and finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty c. The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper Egypt only.NameImageCommentsDates——Name of the first king is lost here in the and cannot be recoveredUnknownSekhemresementawy–3 yearsSekhemreseusertawy–16 yearsSekhemresankhtawy–1 yearMay be a king of the1 yearSewadjenre–26 yearsNeferkare(?)–Around 1600 BC–Around 1600 BCSeuserenre–12 yearsDjedhotepreMay be a king of theAround 1588-1582 BCDjedneferre–Around 1588-1582 BC–Around 1590 BCVI–Short reign, around 1585 BCSeneferibre–Unknown—May be the same asUnknownThe 16th Dynasty may also have comprised the reigns of pharaohs. Their chronological position is uncertain. Seventeenth Dynasty. Main article:The was based in and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC:NameImageCommentsDates—Around 1620 BC—At least 7 yearsHis tomb was robbed and burned during the reign of.Unknown to around 1573 BC—Possibly around 1573-1571 BCReigned more than 3 yearsAround 1571 to the mid-1560s BC—Late 1560s BC—Around 1558 BCDied in battle against the Hyksos.1558–1554 BCWadjkheperre—1554–1549 BCThe early 17th Dynasty may also have included the reign of a pharaoh, whose chronological position is uncertain.
New Kingdom. Main article:The (1550–1077 BC) is the period covering the, and, from the 16th to the 11th century BC, between the, and the.Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into in the south, and held wide territories in the.
Egyptian armies fought with armies for control of modern-day.Three of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the is often interpreted as the first instance of, known for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb, and who attempted to recover the territories in modern, and that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king.Eighteenth Dynasty. Main article:The ruled from c.
1550 to 1292 BC:NameImageCommentsDates, Ahmosis IBrother and successor to, conquered north of Egypt from the Hyksos.Around 1550–1525 BC; Radiocarbon date range for the start of his reign is 1570–1544 BC, the mean point of which is 1557 BCSon of.1541–1520 BCFather unknown, though possibly. His mother is known to be. Expanded Egypt's territorial extent during his reign.1520–1492 BCSon of. Grandson of through his mother,.1492–1479 BCThe second known female ruler of Egypt. May have ruled jointly with her nephew during the early part of her reign. Famous for her expedition to documented on her famous at. Built many temples and monuments.
Ruled during the height of Egypt's power. Was the daughter of and the Great Wife of her brother.1479–1458 BCSon of.
May have ruled jointly with, his aunt and step-mother, during the early part of her reign. Famous for his territorial expansion into. Under his reign, the Ancient Egyptian Empire was at its greatest extent. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power. Before the end of his reign, he obliterated name and image from temples and monuments.1458–1425 BCSon of. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power.1425–1400 BCFamous for his. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power.1400–1390 BCThe Magnificent KingFather of and grandfather of.
Ruled at the height of its power. Built many temples and monuments, including his enormous.
Was the son of.1390–1352 BCNeferkheperure-waenre Amenhotep IV/Founder of the in which he changed the state religion from the to the, centered around the worship of the, an image of the sun disc. He moved the capital to. Was the second son of.
He changed his name from Amenhotep ( is pleased) to Akhenaten (Effective for the ) to reflect his religion change.1352–1336 BCRuled jointly with during the later years of his reign. Unknown if Smenkhare ever ruled in his own right. Identity and even the gender of Smenkhare is uncertain. Some suggest he may have been the son of Akhenaten, possibly the same person as; others speculate Smenkhare may have been. May have been succeeded by or identical with a female Pharaoh named.1335–1334 BC/. A female Pharaoh, possibly the same ruler as.
Archaeological evidence relates to a woman who reigned as pharaoh toward the end of the. It is likely she was.1334-1332 BCNebkheperure Tutankhaten/Commonly believed to be the son of, most likely reinstated the.
His name change from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun reflects the change in religion from the to the classic religion, of which is a major. He is thought to have taken the throne at around age eight or nine and to have died around age eighteen or nineteen, giving him the nickname 'The Boy King.' Tutankhamun was a weak ruler suffering from multiple health issues. However, he became famous for being buried in a decorative tomb intended for someone else called.1332–1324 BC(II)Was Grand Vizier to and an important official during the reigns of. Possibly the brother of, Great Wife of, and also possibly father of, Great Wife of Akhenaten. Believed to have been born into nobility, but not royalty.
Succeeded Tutankhamun due to his lack of an heir.1324–1320 BCBorn a Commoner. Was a General during the. Obliterated Images of the Amarna Pharaohs and destroyed and vandalized buildings and monuments associated with them. Succeeded despite being the intended heir.1320–1292 BCNineteenth Dynasty. Main article:The ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: the Great.NameImageCommentsDatesOf non-royal birth. Succeeded due to his lack of an heir.1292–1290 BCRegained much of the territory that was lost under the reign of.1290–1279 BCthe GreatContinued expanding Egypt's territory until he reached a with the at the in 1275 BC, after which the famous was signed in 1258 BC.
Had one of the longest Egyptian reigns.1279–1213 BCThirteenth son of.1213–1203 BCMost likely an usurper to the throne. Possibly ruled in opposition to. Suggested son of.1203–1200 BCSon of. May have had to overcome a contest by before he could solidify his claim to the throne.1203–1197 BCPossibly son of or, ascended to throne at a young age.1197–1191 BCProbably the wife of. Also known as Twosret or Tawosret.1191–1190 BCTwentieth Dynasty.
Main article:The ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC:NameImageCommentsDatesNot related to,. May have usurped the throne from. Did not recognize or as legitimate rulers. Possibly a member of a minor line of the Ramesside royal family. Also called Setnakt.1190–1186 BCSon of. Fought the in 1175 BC. Possibly assassinated.1186–1155 BCSon of.
During his reign, Egyptian power started to decline.1155–1149 BCSon of1149–1145 BCSon of. Uncle of.1145–1137 BCSon of.1137–1130 BCAn obscure Pharaoh, who reigned only around a year. Identifiable with Prince Sethiherkhepeshef II. He is the sole Pharaoh of the whose tomb has not been found.1130–1129 BCProbably grandson of through his father,.
First cousin of and.1129–1111 BCA poorly documented Pharaoh, his reign was between 3 and 10 years long. His origins are completely uncertain.1111–1107 BCPossibly the son of. During the second half of his reign, ruled over the south from, limiting his power to.
He was succeeded in the north by.1107–1077 BCThird Intermediate Period. Main article:The was based at and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 943 BC.NameImageCommentsDatesMarried to, probable daughter of.1077–1051 BCObscure four-year reign.1051–1047 BCSon of, a. Ruled for 40 to 51 years. Famous for his intact tomb at. Known as 'The Silver Pharaoh' due to the magnificent silver coffin he was buried in.
One of the most powerful rulers of the Dynasty.1047–1001 BCSon of.1001–992 BCSon of, Great Chief of the (Libya). Also known as Osochor.992–986 BCUnknown Origins. Built extensively for a third intermediate period Pharaoh. One of the most powerful rulers of the dynasty.986–967 BCSon of, a.967–943 BCTheban High Priests of Amun.
Main article:The was a local group, again of origin, based at and Thebes that ruled from 837 to c. 735 BC:NameImageCommentsDatesPreviously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd.837–813 BCA rebel—seized from Takelot II.826–801 BC—Co-regent with Pedubast.812–811 BC—Successor to Pedubast.801–795 BCSon of Takelot II; recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king.795–767 BCCo-reign with his father Osorkon III for the first five years of his reign.773–765 BCYounger son of Osorkon III and brother of Takelot III.765–762 BCRudamun was succeeded in by a local ruler:NameImageCommentsDatesReigned at Thebes only.762–Unknown BCTwenty-Fourth Dynasty.
Main article:The ruled from around 664 to 525 BC. NameImageCommentsDatesManetho's Stephinates. May have been a descendant of the Twenty-fourth Dynasty. The father of.685–678 BC—Manetho's Nechepsos. His existence has been questioned.678–672 BCWas killed by an invading force in 664 BC under.
Father of.672–664 BCThe son and successor of Necho I, managed to reunify Egypt and is generally regarded as the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty.NameImageCommentsDatesReunified. Son of and father of.664–610 BCMost likely the pharaoh mentioned in several books of the and the death of. Son of and father of.610–595 BCSon of and father of.595–589 BCFled Egypt after (who was a general at the time) declared himself pharaoh following a civil war. Son of.589–570 BCHe was the last great ruler of before the Persian conquest. According to the Greek historian, he was of common origins. Father of.570–526 BCSon of. Ruled for about six months before being defeated by the Persians in the and subsequently executed for attempting to revolt.526–525 BCTwenty-Seventh Dynasty (First Persian Period).
Main article:Egypt was conquered by the in 525 BC and constituted a as part of this empire until 404 BC. The were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era, forming the:NameImageCommentsDatesDefeated at the at 525 BC.525–521 BC(Bardiya)—Son of.522–521 BCA native Egyptian rebel in the.522/21–520 BCAscended throne by overthrowing521–486 BC—A proposed native Egyptian rebel leader. Exact date uncertain.Possibly in the 480s BCthe GreatAssassinated by.486–465 BCthe——465–464 BCLonghandDied in 424 BC464–424 BC—A claimant.424–423 BC—A claimant.424–423 BCDied in 404 BC424–404 BCTwenty-Eighth Dynasty. Main article:The second dynasty, the, ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency). The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, in modern times known simply as, who was successively the consort of and, after Caesar's death, of, having children with both of them.Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome, but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans. (Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar) was the last king of the of Egypt, and he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC. He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII, and possibly the only son of, after whom he was named.
Between the alleged death of Cleopatra, on August 12, 30 BC, up to his own alleged death on August 23, 30 BC, he was nominally the sole pharaoh. It is tradition that he was hunted down and killed on the orders of Octavian, who would become the, but the historical evidence does not exist.
NameImageCommentsDatesAbdicated in 285 BC; died in 283 BC305–285 BCWife of Ptolemy IUnknown–285 BCReigned for 39 years288–246 BCWife of Ptolemy II284/281–around 274 BCWife of Ptolemy II277–270 BCReigned for 24 years246–222 BCWife of Ptolemy III. Was Murdered.244/243–222 BCDied in unclear circumstances, possibly by fire in the palace or murder.222–204 BCWife of Ptolemy IV. Was Murdered.220–204 BC—Revolutionary pharaoh in the South205–199 BC—Revolutionary pharaoh in the South199–185 BCin revolt 207–186 BC204–180 BCWife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority193–176 BCDied 145 BC180–164 BCWife of Ptolemy VI175–164 BCEuergetes IIProclaimed king by in 170 BC; ruled jointly with and from 169 to 164 BC.
Died 116 BC171–163 BCunder the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC–163 BC; Ptolemy VI restored 163 BC163–145 BCMarried Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of.163–127 BCNeos PhilopatorProclaimed co-ruler by his father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II145–144 BCEuergetes IIRestored145–131 BCSecond wife of Ptolemy VIII. Was murdered by her own son Ptolemy X.142–131 BC—Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII131 BC—Revolutionary pharaoh in the South131–130 BCEuergetes IIRestored127–116 BCRestored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X.127–107 BCReconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116.124–116 BCSoter IIDied 80 BC116–110 BCBriefly married to Ptolemy IX, but was pushed out by Cleopatra III. Later murdered.116–115 BCAlexander IDied 88 BC110–109 BCForced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later81–80 BCAlexander II—Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III80 BCNeos Dionysos (Auletes)Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC80–58 BCTryphaena—Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV79–68 BC—Daughter of Ptolemy XII58–57 BC—Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but had him strangled.
Joint rule with Cleopatra VI until 57 BC.58–55 BCNeos DionysosRestored; reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death55–51 BCJointly with her father Ptolemy XII, her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother-husband Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV; in modern usage, the stand-alone use of Cleopatra with no ordinal number usually refers to Cleopatra VII. Committed suicide.51–30 BCBrother of Cleopatra VII51–47 BCIn opposition to Cleopatra VII48–47 BCYounger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII47–44 BCInfant son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra. Last known ruler of ancient when took over.44–30 BCRome. Egyptian relief depicting the Roman Emperor (right, reigned 98–117 AD) in full pharaonic style.Cleopatra VII had with Roman dictator and Roman general, but it was not until after her suicide (after Mark Antony was defeated by, who would later be Emperor ) that Egypt became a province of the in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman emperors were accorded the title of pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt.The last Roman emperor to be conferred the title of pharaoh was (reigned 311–313 AD). See also.
TimelineAncient Egypt was one of the oldest and longest lasting world civilizations. It was located along the Nile River in the northeast part of Africa and lasted for over three thousand years. Historians generally use two ways to outline the history of Ancient Egypt:1. Dynasties: The first is by using the different dynasties that ruled Egypt.
These are the families that had power and passed the leadership of Pharaoh down from one family member to another. Counting the Ptolemaic Dynasty set up by the Greeks, there were over 30 dynasties that ruled Ancient Egypt. This sounds like a lot at first, but remember this was over the course of 3000 years.2.
Kingdoms and Periods: There are also three primary kingdoms that historians use to define periods of Ancient Egypt. After each kingdom there is an 'intermediate' period.
The three kingdoms were the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms.Here is a brief outline of the timeline of the Ancient Egyptian civilization showing the Kingdoms, periods, and dynasties:Early Dynastic Period (2950 -2575 BC) - Dynasties I-IIIThe Ancient Egyptian civilization begins. The first Pharaoh of Egypt, Menes, united the Upper and Lower parts of Egypt into a single civilization. He put the capitol at the midpoint of the two lands in a city called Memphis. During this time the Egyptians developed hieroglyphic writing which would be important for making records and running the government. Khafre's Pyramid and the Great SphinxPhoto by Than217The Old Kingdom nears its end as the 7th and 8th dynasties are weak and the government begins to collapse.
The end of the Old Kingdom is a time of poverty and famine.First Intermediate Period (2150-1975 BC) Dynasties IX-XIEgypt splits back into two countries. The Old Kingdom ends and the first Intermediate period begins.Middle Kingdom (1975-1640 BC) Dynasties XI-XIVThe Pharaoh Mentuhotep II reunites the two parts of Egypt under one rule signaling the start of the Middle Kingdom. The royal tombs are moved to the north near the city of Memphis. The Egyptians start to use irrigation to carry water from the Nile to their crops.Second Intermediate Period (1640-1520 BC) Dynasties XV-XVIIThe Middle Kingdom ends and the Second Intermediate Period begins. Some of the dynasties at the end of the middle kingdom and during this period only last for a short time. The horse and chariot are introduced during this period.
New Kingdom (1520-1075 BC) Dynasties XVIII-XXThe New Kingdom is the time of greatest prosperity for the Ancient Egyptian civilization. During this time the Pharaohs conquer the most lands and the Egyptian Empire reaches its peak.1520 B.C. Amhose I reunites the kingdom and the New Kingdom begins.1506 B.C.
Tuthmosis I becomes Pharaoh. He is the first to be buried in the Valley of the Kings. For the next 500 years this will be the main burial area for the royalty of Egypt.1479 B.C. Hatshepsut becomes Pharaoh. She is one of the most successful woman pharaohs and rules for 22 years.1386 B.C. Amenhotep III becomes Pharaoh.
Under his reign the Egyptian civilization would reach its peak in prosperity, power, and art. He builds the Temple of Luxor. Luxor Temple. Photo by Spitfire ch1352 B.C.
Akhenaten changed the Egyptian religion to worship a single god. This was a major change of life. It only lasted for his rule, however, as his son Tutankhamun would change the religion back to the old ways.1279 B.C. Rameses II becomes Pharaoh. He would rule for 67 years and build many monuments.Third Intermediate Period (1075 - 653 BC) Dynasties XXI-XXIVThe New Kingdom comes to end when Egypt becomes divided.
Third Intermediate Period begins. Egypt grows weaker and is eventually conquered by the near the end of this period.Late Period (653 - 332 BC) Dynasties XXV-XXXThe late period begins as the Assyrians leave Egypt and the locals regain control from vassals left by the Assyrians.525 B.C. The conquer Egypt and rule for over 100 years.332 B.C. Alexander the Great and the Greeks conquer Egypt. He founds the great city of Alexandria.Ptolemaic dynasty305 B.C. Ptolemy I becomes Pharaoh and the Ptolemic period begins.
Alexandria becomes the new capital.30 B.C. The last Pharaoh, Cleopatra VII, dies.Activities. Take a ten question about this page. Listen to a recorded reading of this page:Your browser does not support the audio element.More information on the civilization of Ancient Egypt:OverviewMonuments and GeographyCulturePeopleOther.
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